{"id":151576,"date":"2024-10-31T11:37:49","date_gmt":"2024-10-31T10:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bellesguardgaudi.com\/?p=151576"},"modified":"2024-11-02T10:29:35","modified_gmt":"2024-11-02T09:29:35","slug":"dracula-una-historia-paral%c2%b7lela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bellesguardgaudi.com\/ca\/dracula-una-historia-paral%c2%b7lela\/","title":{"rendered":"Dr\u00e0cula. Una hist\u00f2ria paral\u00b7lela…"},"content":{"rendered":"

Per Ferran Garc\u00e9s<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

La novel\u00b7la Dr\u00e0cula<\/em>, escrita per Bram Stoker, va ser publicada a 1897 (edicio original<\/a>) La primera edici\u00f3 amb una imatge del compte va sortir a la venta a 1901, que \u00e9s la mostrada a la foto de capcelera (edici\u00f3 de butxaca<\/a>) <\/span><\/span>L’acci\u00f3 del llibre transcorre una mica abans, a 1893 (1), i comen\u00e7a amb el viatge de l’advocat Jonathan <\/span>Harker<\/span> a Transilv\u00e0nia per preparar la documentaci\u00f3 d’unes propietats que ha comprat un comte que respon al nom de Dr\u00e0cula…<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span>Aquest any, 1893, Joan Grau i <\/a><\/span>Vallespin\u00f3s<\/span>, el bisbe d’Astorga, va patir un accident molt greu mentre Antoni Gaud\u00ed, amic seu, estava construint el Palau Episcopal de la ciutat lleonesa. Conscient que li faltava poc per rebre la unci\u00f3 dels malalts, el bisbe li va confiar a l’arquitecte la documentaci\u00f3 d’una propietat que havia comprat poc abans: la finca de Bellesguard. Gaud\u00ed, despr\u00e9s d’enterrar al seu amic en un sepulcre dissenyat per ell mateix, va tornar a Barcelona amb aquesta documentaci\u00f3. El comprador no va apar\u00e8ixer tot seguit, per\u00f2, finalment, a 1900, la va adquirir Maria Sagu\u00e9s i Molins, la viuda de Jaume Figueras i <\/a><\/span>Barulls<\/span>, altre amic de Gaud\u00ed mort sobtadament, i la nova propiet\u00e0ria va reunir-se amb el seu marit a 1907, abans que Gaud\u00ed dones per acabat el projecte, tres anys despr\u00e9s. Un projecte que preveia la restauraci\u00f3 de les ru\u00efnes d’un antic castell..<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00f2gicament, tot aix\u00f2 \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una coincid\u00e8ncia,<\/span><\/span> per\u00f2 aqu\u00ed no terminen les coincid\u00e8ncies…<\/span><\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/em>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Contemporanis del pare de Dr\u00e0cula<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>
<\/span>Primera meitat del segle XV<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span>El Dr\u00e0cula hist\u00f2ric no fou un compte, sin\u00f3 un <\/span>vaivoda<\/span><\/em>, t\u00edtol d’origen eslau que s’acostuma a traduir per “pr\u00edncep” (2) El seu nom era <\/span>Vlad<\/span> III <\/span>Tepes<\/span>, o <\/span>Draculea<\/span><\/em>, “fill del drac”, perqu\u00e8 el seu pare, es deia <\/span>Vlad<\/span> II <\/span>Dracul<\/span>, en honor a la seva adher\u00e8ncia a l’Orde del Drac, i aqu\u00ed \u00e9s on no terminen les coincid\u00e8ncies…<\/em><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/em>
<\/span>A 1408 van tenir lloc dos fets: primer, la compra de la finca on Mart\u00ed I l’Hum\u00e0 construir\u00e0 el castell que Gaud\u00ed restaurar\u00e0 cinc segles m\u00e9s tard (va ser ell qui li va posar el nom de Bellesguard), i, segon, la fundaci\u00f3 de l’Orde del Drac per Segimon I, Emperador del Sacre Imperi Romanogerm\u00e0nic. La ins\u00edgnia de l’Orde era <\/span>l’ur\u00f2bor<\/span><\/em>, o <\/span>urobor\u00f3s<\/span><\/em> (del grec\u202f<\/span>oyr\u00e1<\/span><\/em>, cola,\u202f<\/span>bor\u00e1<\/span><\/em>, alimento), la serp, o drac, que es menja la cua, s\u00edmbol de la uni\u00f3 dels contraris, aix\u00ed com de l’\u00e0nsia d’immortalitat. Uns anys abans, Mart\u00ed I l’Hum\u00e0, igual que el seu pare, Pere IV el Cerimoni\u00f3s, havia adoptat tamb\u00e9 un drac, com ins\u00edgnia familiar, per\u00f2 la seva forma era la d’una v\u00edbria, m\u00e9s coneguda com a drac pennat o drac alat. \u00c9s l’anomenada Cimera Reial (3)<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span> \"\"<\/span><\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\"\"<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n

D’altra banda, a 1408, Mart\u00ed I l’Hum\u00e0 era vidu i nom\u00e9s un fill seu havia sobreviscut fins a l’edat adulta. A l’any seg\u00fcent, ja instal\u00b7lat al seu castell de Bellesguard, el monarca, vell i malalt\u00eds, va rebre la not\u00edcia de la mort inesperada d’aquest \u00fanic hereu (4) Mart\u00ed, aleshores, busc\u00e0 una nova muller amb l’esperan\u00e7a d’engendrar un nou successor. Les dues principals candidates foren Cec\u00edlia d’Urgell<\/a> i Margarida de Prades<\/a>, dos joves properes a la cort de Barcelona. La triada fou la segona, i la boda tingu\u00e9 lloc al castell de Bellesguard, per\u00f2, com el funeral de l’hereu encara era recent, l’enlla\u00e7 es va realitzar amb mod\u00e8stia.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Entre els pocs assistents, cal recordar a una reina viuda, Violant de Bar<\/a>, l’esposa del germ\u00e0 de Mart\u00ed I, a un papa, o antipapa, Benet XIII, m\u00e9s conegut com el papa Luna<\/a>, i a un futur sant, Vicent de Ferrer<\/a>. Ara b\u00e9, malgrat les seves benediccions, vuit mesos despr\u00e9s, a mitjans de 1410, mor\u00ed el rei, sense descend\u00e8ncia, i la nova reina no estava encinta. Ben aviat, gaireb\u00e9 tots els assistents d’aquella boda, contemporanis de <\/span>Vlad<\/span> II <\/span>Dracul<\/span>, comen\u00e7aran a morir. Nom\u00e9s un, o una, arribar\u00e0 a ser contemporani del seu fill, <\/span>Vlad<\/span> III, l’aut\u00e8ntic <\/span>Draculea<\/span><\/em>. Quin, o quina?…<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>
<\/span>A 1412, per decidir qui havia de ser el nou rei d’Arag\u00f3, es va celebrar el Comprom\u00eds de <\/span>Casp<\/span>. El guanyador fou Ferran I d’Antequera, del llinatge dels <\/span>Trast\u00e0mara<\/span>. Descontent amb el resultat, Jaume II d’Urgell, germ\u00e0 de Cec\u00edlia, s’enfrontar\u00e0 al nou monarca, per\u00f2 ser\u00e0 derrotat, i la fam\u00edlia, una de les m\u00e9s grans del reialme, caur\u00e0 en desgr\u00e0cia. Violant de Bar, malgrat haver defensat un candidat franc\u00e8s, com ella, aconsegu\u00ed conservar la seva posici\u00f3, encara que, relegada a un segon pla.\u00a0<\/span><\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>A 1416, tamb\u00e9 patir\u00e0 un rev\u00e9s de fortuna Benet XIII, el papa Luna. Aquell any, diferents personalitats de l’\u00e8poca es van reunir a la ciutat francesa de Perpiny\u00e0. En lloc de reis, l’objectiu ara era decidir qui era l’aut\u00e8ntic papa, despr\u00e9s d’un per\u00edode conegut com a Cisma d’Occident, en el que van arribar a coexistir fins a tres pontificis. Un d’ells fou Benet XIII, per\u00f2, durant aquesta reuni\u00f3 a Perpiny\u00e0, va ser desacreditat, fet que for\u00e7ar\u00e0 la seva dissort.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Ara b\u00e9, a la ciutat francesa tamb\u00e9 va ser escenari d’episodis galants. All\u00ed es van reunir vells coneguts: Margarida de Prades, Violant de Bar, Vicent Ferrer, i Ferran I d’Antequera, juntament amb altres personatges nous. En especial, l’emperador Segimon I, el fundador de l’Orde del Drac, vuit anys abans, i <\/span>Oswald<\/span> von <\/span>Wolkenstein<\/span>, un servidor seu, que, a m\u00e9s a m\u00e9s, de trobador, esdevindr\u00e0 tamb\u00e9 membre de l’orde de l’ <\/span>l’ur\u00f2bor<\/span><\/em>, o <\/span>urobor\u00f3s<\/span><\/em>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>En el poema “Es <\/em><\/span>f\u00fcgt<\/span> sich<\/span><\/em>” (5), el trobador rememora el moment a Perpiny\u00e0 en qu\u00e8 la jove reina viuda, <\/span>sch\u00f6n<\/em><\/span> und<\/span> zart<\/span><\/em> (“bonica i adorable), li va lligar un anell a la barba, amb els seus dits blancs i delicats, i afegir dos forats a les orelles per posar-li unes arracades. Altres poetes de l’\u00e8poca van complimentar la bellesa de Margarida de Prades. Malauradament, la sort tampoc va tardar a ser-li contraria a la musa del trobador de Perpiny\u00e0. Envoltada de pen\u00faries econ\u00f2miques, cap a 1419, s’haur\u00e0 de desprendre del palau de Bellesguard i morir\u00e0 retirada en un monestir a 1429. El vuit creat per la seva abs\u00e8ncia el va ocupar Violant de Bar, l’altra reina viuda, esposa del germ\u00e0 de Mart\u00ed I l’Hum\u00e0, fins a la seva mort a 1431.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>1431 \u00e9s un any important en aquesta hist\u00f2ria paral\u00b7lela, perqu\u00e8, va ser aleshores quan <\/span>Vlad<\/span> II va ser nomenat membre de l’Orde del Drac per l’emperador Segimon I. M\u00e9s important encara, al voltant de 1431 \u00e9s quan venia al m\u00f3n el seu fill, <\/span>Vlad<\/span> III <\/span>Tepes<\/span>, tamb\u00e9 conegut com a <\/span>Draculea<\/span><\/em>.<\/em> Qui dels personatges que hem conegut fins ara ser\u00e0 contemporani seu?…<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Contemporanis del pare de Dr\u00e0cula<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
Segona meitat del segle XV<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n


<\/span>Recapitulem. A 1431, el rei d’Arag\u00f3 -Alfons el Magn\u00e0nim, fill de Ferran I d’Antequera (mort a 1416)- tamb\u00e9 formava part de l’Orde del Drac. En aquell moment, moltes de les persones que havien assistit a la boda de Bellesguard eren mortes (el papa Luna, per exemple, ho havia fet a 1423), o estaven a punt de fer-ho (Juan II d’Urgell expirar\u00e0 en una pres\u00f3 a 1433). Qui residia aleshores a Bellesguard?…<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Contra tot pron\u00f2stic, la propiet\u00e0ria de l’antic palau era Cec\u00edlia d’Urgell, l’\u00fanic membre que havia aconseguit sobreviure a la desgr\u00e0cia de la fam\u00edlia despr\u00e9s de la derrota del seu germ\u00e0, i all\u00ed residir\u00e0 fins a la seva mort a 1460, \u00e9s a dir, que va ser ella la persona m\u00e9s propera als anys en els quals <\/span>Vlad<\/span> III es va guanyar el seu altre funest sobrenom: <\/span>Tepes<\/span>, “<\/span>L’empalador<\/span>“.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>La tomba no va reclamar a <\/span>Dr\u00e0culea<\/span> fins a 1476 o 1477, assassinat o caigut en batalla, segons les fonts. De manera paral\u00b7lela, el palau de Bellesguard, constru\u00eft al mateix temps que es fundava l’Orde del Drac, havia entrat en un llarg somni del qual no despertaria fins a 1900, cinc segles despr\u00e9s, quan Antoni Gaud\u00ed el va ressuscitar gaireb\u00e9 al mateix temps que Bram <\/span>Stocker<\/span> rescatava de l’oblit al temut <\/span>vaivoda<\/span> amb la seva novella Dr\u00e0cula.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>L\u00f2gicament, tot aix\u00f2 \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una coincid\u00e8ncia, i aqu\u00ed haurien d’acabar les coincid\u00e8ncies,<\/em> o no?<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Avui \u00e9s <\/span>Halloween<\/span>… Bona nit!<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>Notes<\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>
<\/span>(1) Segons algunes fonts, la data de l’any de l’acci\u00f3 \u00e9s 1897. Ara b\u00e9, d’acord a uns estudis recentes, ser\u00eda 1893. M\u00e9s informaci\u00f3:\u00a0<\/span><\/span>Molina Foix, Juan Antonio (1993), editor del <\/span>Dr\u00e1cula<\/span> de Bram Stoker, publicat per <\/span>Catedra-Letras<\/span> Universales<\/span>, Madrid, p. 26.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>En qualsevol cas, Antoni Gaud\u00ed, qui va morir a 1926, mai sent\u00eds parla de Dr\u00e0cula, i si ho fes, seria de manera molt remota. La popularitat de la novel\u00b7la, com diu Juan Antonio Molina Foix, a escala mundial, va arribar\u00a0 “a <\/span>remolque<\/span> de <\/span>su<\/span> \u00e9xito<\/span> en las <\/span>pantallas<\/span>” (Op. <\/span>cit<\/span>, p.11), i les primeres adaptacions cinematogr\u00e0fiques daten de 1922, el <\/span>Nosferatu<\/span><\/em> de Wilhelm <\/span>Murnau<\/span>, i 1931, el Dr\u00e0cula<\/em> de <\/span>Tod<\/span> Browning<\/span>.<\/span><\/span> La primera traducci\u00f3 de la novel-la al castell\u00e0 \u00e9s de 1935 (editorial Hymsa)\u00a0 i al catal\u00e0 de 1984 (editorial Laertes)<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>(2) Per un estudi actualitzat sobre el personatge real i fictici de <\/span>Vlad<\/span> III, aix\u00ed com la bibliografia m\u00e9s propera al seu temps, veure: Moreno Delgado, Juan Carlos (2021), “Epilogo”, en <\/span>Vlad<\/span> Draculea<\/span>. El <\/span>empalador<\/span> de <\/span>Valaquia<\/span><\/em>, EMSE EDAPP, S.L, p. 103-115<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>(3) Garc\u00e9s, Ferran (26\/04\/2024), “Els 4 dracs de Torre Bellesguard. II part”<\/a>, en el nostre <\/span>blog<\/span>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>
<\/span>(4) Garc\u00e9s, Ferran (26\/07\/2024), “Tal dia com avui: naixement i mort d’un rei”,<\/a> en el nostre blog<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>
<\/span>(5) Enlla\u00e7 al text original del poema Es <\/em><\/span>f\u00fcgt<\/span> sich<\/span><\/em>: lletra<\/a> (anar a la part III, que comen\u00e7a amb la frase “Ain <\/em><\/span>k\u00fcnigin<\/span> von <\/span>Arragon<\/span><\/em>“<\/em>, la reina d’Arag\u00f3). Enlla\u00e7 a la pe\u00e7a cantada: m\u00fasica<\/a>.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>
<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Per Ferran Garc\u00e9s\u00a0   La novel\u00b7la Dr\u00e0cula, escrita per Bram Stoker, va ser publicada a 1897 (edicio original) La primera edici\u00f3 amb una imatge del compte va sortir a la venta a 1901, que \u00e9s la mostrada a la foto de capcelera (edici\u00f3 de butxaca) L’acci\u00f3 del llibre transcorre una mica abans, a 1893 (1), […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":151591,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-151576","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-day-like-today"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDr\u00e0cula. 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