{"id":155309,"date":"2025-05-16T13:08:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T11:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bellesguardgaudi.com\/?p=155309"},"modified":"2025-05-16T13:34:27","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T11:34:27","slug":"the-crosses-of-bellesguard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bellesguardgaudi.com\/en\/the-crosses-of-bellesguard\/","title":{"rendered":"The Crosses of Bellesguard"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ferran Garc\u00e9s<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

We are in the midst of two important days commemorating the origin of devotion to one of the most influential symbols in historical, religious, and artistic spheres. On May 3, according to the Roman rite, the Invention of the Holy Cross was celebrated (from the Latin invenio<\/em>, \u201cto discover\u201d), and on the 21st of the same month, according to the Byzantine rite, the feast of its discoverer, Saint Helena, will be celebrated. Both commemorations seem to be rooted in an even older tradition: the worship of the May tree (also known as \u201cMay Day,\u201d \u201cMaypole,\u201d \u201cMay Festival,\u201d or simply \u201cthe May Days\u201d).<\/p>\n

A brief context. In the year 313, the Roman emperor Constantine legalized Christianity. Shortly after, in the year 326, his mother, Helena of Constantinople, known as Saint Helena, made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land to witness the sites of Jesus Christ\u2019s Passion firsthand. She is credited with the excavation that led to the recovery of the lingum crucis<\/em> (literally, in Latin, \u201cwood of the cross\u201d), also known as the Holy Cross or the True Cross, to distinguish it from the crosses of the two thieves crucified alongside Jesus. From this point on, the cult of the cross would prevail over the pagan celebration of the May Tree, though it did not entirely replace it.<\/p>\n

The topic is vast, and we cannot cover even a small portion of it. Here, we only aim to summarize the relationship between Bellesguard Tower and this ancient symbol. This relationship can be divided into two categories: those linked to a king, today known as \u201cthe Humane,\u201d but in his time called \u201cthe Ecclesiastic,\u201d and those linked to a genius popularly known as \u201cthe architect of God\u201d…<\/p>\n

In the time of \u201cthe Ecclesiastic\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Martin I \u201cthe Ecclesiastic,\u201d so named by his contemporaries for his devotion, was a great collector of relics. He wanted them all\u2014and, of course, the one discovered by Helena of Constantinople.<\/p>\n

In Barcelona, his memory was\u2014and still is\u2014very present. Two highly representative buildings are proof of this. The first is the city\u2019s cathedral, whose full name is \u201cCathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia\u201d (1). The second building, similarly named because it depended on the cathedral, is the Hospital of the Holy Cross. It began construction in 1401 under the watchful eye of Martin I \u201cthe Ecclesiastic\u201d and with the authorization of Benedict XIII, better known as Pope Luna (2). As a curiosity, remember that the place where Gaud\u00ed died was this hospital (3).<\/p>\n

A little before inaugurating the hospital, King Martin had obtained a piece of the True Cross.<\/a> It was a gift from the same pope, given to him during a trip to Avignon, where the pontiff then resided. From here, the fate of the relic follows two paths.<\/p>\n

According to some, before moving to the palace of Bellesguard in 1409, King Martin donated the relic to the Parish of Saints Just and Pastor<\/a>, a church where the so-called Gualbes Archive<\/a> is kept\u2014an archive detailing the entire history of Bellesguard, from the time of this monarch until 1714. In this tradition, the relic disappeared after the Spanish Civil War.<\/p>\n

According to others, Pope Luna\u2019s gift passed into the hands of Margaret of Prades, the second wife of Martin I, as part of her inheritance after the monarch\u2019s death in 1410. Unfortunately, as soon as her husband was buried, the young widow\u2014she was twenty-one\u2014became the target of a fierce legal battle to strip her of her possessions. Especially the relics, which were kept in the chapel of Saint Agatha, located in the current Pla\u00e7a del Rei. Even so, Margaret stood up to her enemies. One of her rebellious acts was to empty the chapel of Saint Agatha and take the relics to the palace of Bellesguard, where she thought they would be better protected (4). Nevertheless, Margaret ultimately lost the dispute to Ferdinand I of Antequera, King Martin\u2019s successor. Both would die shortly after. In 1437, Alfonso the Magnanimous, son of Ferdinand I, brought the True Cross and other relics to the Cathedral of Valencia, where they can still be seen today.<\/p>\n

In the time of \u201cthe architect of God\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

The story of the ancient symbol unearthed by Helena of Constantinople continues with many more legends and artistic representations across the world. At Bellesguard Tower, we can see two. One at the very top, on the rooftop, and another at street level, right at the entrance. The first crowns a narrow spire that mimics the pinnacles of Gothic cathedrals. It has a four-armed shape, a design unique to Gaud\u00ed\u2019s works. He was inspired by the cypress cone<\/a> (or galbulus), a tree that recurs in Christian symbolism.<\/p>\n

Beneath this cross, we see a crown, representing Martin I \u201cthe Ecclesiastic,\u201d and further down, a Catalan senyera<\/em>, symbolizing both the House of Barcelona\u2014the monarch\u2019s dynasty\u2014and Catalonia. Interestingly, during Franco\u2019s dictatorship, the senyera<\/em> was covered<\/a>, and around this time in 2008, the pinnacle had to be reinforced<\/a> to prevent it from collapsing.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

The cross on the pinnacle, high above on the rooftop, was designed to be seen from afar. However, Gaud\u00ed also added another cross at ground level, which may go unnoticed despite being right at the entrance. At least in spring, when the surrounding trees cover it with their new branches. This time, the cross is in the shape of the Maltese Cross, with eight points commemorating the eight Beatitudes. The number eight recurs in Bellesguard Tower. We also find it in the house\u2019s vestibule, in the form of an eight-pointed star<\/a>, one of the symbols of the Virgin Mary.<\/p>\n

This cross is attributed to Gaud\u00ed, though Dom\u00e8nech Sugra\u00f1es also contributed to its construction\u2014the same architect who added new elements to Bellesguard Tower a little after the master had left. An original feature of this cross is that it serves as a base for a dual-purpose lamp, thanks to the addition of a bracket and a lightbulb.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

If the rooftop cross evokes the pinnacles of cathedrals, the street-level cross recalls the wayside crosses\u2014monuments common since the Middle Ages. Their main function was to protect places of worship and Christian populations. Over time, wayside crosses also served more worldly purposes, such as marking municipal boundaries. As such, the cross became a familiar sign at crossroads, where people\u2014and legends\u2014have always met and crossed paths…<\/p>\n

Notes<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) According to the official website of Barcelona Cathedral, the relationship between the temple and the Holy Cross (year 599) predates that of Saint Eulalia (year 877).<\/p>\n

(2) Terreu, Miquel (11\/30\/2018), \u201cThe Founding Bull of the Hospital of the Holy Cross,\u201d<\/a> Blog de Santa Creu a Sant Pau<\/em>. Online:<\/p>\n

(3) In Barcelona, the name Hospital of the Holy Cross refers to two buildings, which can cause confusion. So here\u2019s a brief clarification. The original, oldest hospital is located in the Raval district of Barcelona and was named Holy Cross because it depended on the Barcelona Cathedral, which\u2014as we\u2019ve seen\u2014was under the invocation of the relic discovered by Saint Helena. This is the building whose construction began in 1401 with King Martin\u2019s presence, and the building where, five centuries later, Gaud\u00ed died\u2014becoming one of the last patients treated there.<\/p>\n

The second, more modern hospital is the work of Llu\u00eds Dom\u00e8nech i Montaner, another of the great Modernist architects. It was built between 1905 and 1910, making it contemporary with Bellesguard Tower (1900\u20131909). It is named after the Holy Cross because it is the successor of the former hospital, and after Saint Paul in honor of Pau Gil i Serra, the patron who funded the work.<\/p>\n

(4) Mart\u00edn Lloris, Catalina, and G\u00f3mez-Ferrer Lozano, Guillermo (2023), \u201cMargarida de Prades y la disputa sobre la propiedad de las reliquias reales,\u201d Locus Amoenus<\/em>, no. 21, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, pp. 29\u201330.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Ferran Garc\u00e9s We are in the midst of two important days commemorating the origin of devotion to one of the most influential symbols in historical, religious, and artistic spheres. On May 3, according to the Roman rite, the Invention of the Holy Cross was celebrated (from the Latin invenio, \u201cto discover\u201d), and on the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":155302,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-155309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-day-like-today"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Crosses of Bellesguard - Obra Modernista de Antoni Gaud\u00ed en Barcelona | Torre Bellesguard<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bellesguardgaudi.com\/en\/the-crosses-of-bellesguard\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Crosses of Bellesguard - Obra Modernista de Antoni Gaud\u00ed en Barcelona | Torre Bellesguard\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Ferran Garc\u00e9s We are in the midst of two important days commemorating the origin of devotion to one of the most influential symbols in historical, religious, and artistic spheres. 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